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Noninfectious pulmonary complications (NIPCs) after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation are disorders such as pneumonitis caused by factors other than infection after transplantation. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) is a common NIPC. IPS often begins early after transplantation, when the walls of the alveoli in the lungs become inflamed or damaged, the walls become thicker (fibrotic), and gas-exchange is not successful.
NIPCs after steroid-refractory hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation are said to be are highly lethal refractory diseases.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious post-transplant complication that determines the success or failure of a transplant. It occurs when lymphocytes from a donor after a hematopoietic stem cell transplant challenge the recipient's (patient’s) body as not self, resulting in excessive inflammation (cytokine storm).
GVHD that is resistant to steroid therapy, the standard first-line treatment, is said to be a complication that influences the prognosis of life after transplantation.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe respiratory failure syndrome due to various causes. ARDS may be caused by pneumonia, septicemia, or trauma. In the body, immune cells called neutrophils release enzymes into the blood that damage lung tissue such as the small air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries. This leads to fluid and protein in the blood passing through the blood vessels of the lungs and into the alveoli. As a result, fluid accumulates in the alveoli, causing severe respiratory failure.
New coronavirus infections (COVID-19) may also cause ARDS, which can lead to respiratory failure.